\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u4f01\u4e1a\u9886\u5bfc\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e2d\u6700\u8f9b\u82e6\u7684\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u6700\u6295\u5165\u7684\u5458\u5de5\uff0c\u800c\u8fc7\u5ea6\u7684\u6295\u5165\u5f80\u5f80\u4f1a\u53d8\u6210\u201c\u5de5\u4f5c\u72c2\u201d\u3002\u201c\u5de5\u4f5c\u72c2\u201d\u4f1a\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\u4f01\u4e1a\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u5371\u5bb3\u4f01\u4e1a\u3001\u5458\u5de5\u3001\u9886\u5bfc\u672c\u4eba\u53ca\u5bb6\u5ead\u3002\u672c\u6587\u57fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u201c\u5de5\u4f5c\u72c2\u201d\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u5206\u6790\u53ca\u7ecf\u9a8c\u603b\u7ed3\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u601d\u8def\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u4f01\u4e1a\u9886\u5bfc\u8f7b\u677e\u5730\u5de5\u4f5c\u3001\u5e78\u798f\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u5e76\u5851\u9020\u5065\u5eb7\u5411\u4e0a\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u53d1\u5c55\u3002
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u4f01\u4e1a\u9886\u5bfc\u5bf9\u4f01\u4e1a\u6587\u5316\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\u4e2d\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u662f\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u3002\u800c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u4f01\u4e1a\u7814\u7a76\u53ca\u4f01\u4e1a\u6587\u5316\u54a8\u8be2\u9879\u76ee\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4f01\u4e1a\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u6027\u683c\u53ca\u5bf9\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u662f\u5f71\u54cd\u4f01\u4e1a\u6587\u5316\u7684\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u4f01\u4e1a\u6587\u5316\u54a8\u8be2\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f1a\u89c2\u5bdf\u5206\u6790\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u6027\u683c\uff0c\u5e76\u8fdb\u884c\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u534f\u8c03\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u9886\u5bfc\u6027\u683c\u3001\u7ec4\u7ec7\u76ee\u6807\u548c\u4f01\u4e1a\u6587\u5316\u76f8\u5339\u914d\uff0c\u4f7f\u4f01\u4e1a\u6587\u5316\u80fd\u591f\u771f\u6b63\u8d2f\u5f7b\u5230\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u63d0\u5347\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6548\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u4f01\u4e1a\u6587\u5316\u54a8\u8be2\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u8981\u5e2e\u52a9\u8d2f\u5f7b\u9886\u5bfc\u610f\u56fe\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u66f4\u8981\u4ee5\u67d4\u548c\u624b\u6bb5\u6539\u53d8\u4f01\u4e1a\u9886\u5bfc\u3002\u8d2f\u5f7b\u9886\u5bfc\u610f\u56fe\uff0c\u5f3a\u5316\u7ec4\u7ec7\u76ee\u6807\u5bb9\u6613\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4f01\u4e1a\u9886\u5bfc\u662f\u6574\u4e2a\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e2d\u6700\u5177\u6709\u6218\u7565\u773c\u5149\u7684\u5458\u5de5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u4eec\u6811\u7acb\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u76ee\u6807\u5728\u591a\u6570\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5927\u81f4\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6539\u53d8\u4f01\u4e1a\u9886\u5bfc,\u76f4\u5954\u7ec4\u7ec7\u76ee\u6807\u96be\u3002\u5f88\u591a\u4f01\u4e1a\u9886\u5bfc\u5728\u4e0d\u81ea\u89c9\u4e2d\u7834\u574f\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u6811\u7acb\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u65f6\u5e2e\u52a9\u9886\u5bfc\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u4fc3\u4f7f\u9886\u5bfc\u79ef\u6781\u6539\u6b63\u5c31\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u5fae\u5999\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201c\u5de5\u4f5c\u72c2\u201d\u9886\u5bfc\u662f\u5728\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u5e38\u89c1\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u4f01\u4e1a\u6587\u5316\u54a8\u8be2\u9700\u8981\u5e2e\u52a9\u7684\u201c\u95ee\u9898\u9886\u5bfc\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u8fd9\u4e9b\u9886\u5bfc\u5f80\u5f80\u5177\u6709\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u5949\u732e\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5458\u5de5\u7684\u62e5\u6234\uff0c\u5bf9\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u5230\u5173\u952e\u7684\u63a8\u52a8\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4f46\u4ece\u957f\u671f\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u201c\u5de5\u4f5c\u72c2\u201d\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5bf9\u9886\u5bfc\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u8eab\u5fc3\u9020\u6210\u4e25\u91cd\u6467\u6b8b\uff0c\u4e5f\u7ed9\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5e26\u6765\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u82f1\u5e74\u65e9\u901d\u7684\u738b\u5747\u7476\uff0c\u4ee4\u4eba\u627c\u8155\u53f9\u606f\uff0c\u5bb6\u5ead\u7834\u788e\uff0c\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e5f\u524d\u9014\u96be\u6599\u3002\u5f88\u591a\u201c\u5de5\u4f5c\u72c2\u201d\u9886\u5bfc\u4e5f\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u60ef\u6027\uff0c\u96be\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u81ea\u6211\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u800c\u5728\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u54a8\u8be2\u670d\u52a1\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u53ea\u6709\u4f01\u4e1a\u6587\u5316\u54a8\u8be2\u53ef\u4ee5\u540d\u6b63\u8a00\u987a\u5730\u5e2e\u52a9\u4f01\u4e1a\u9886\u5bfc\u4ece\u201c\u52aa\u529b\u5730\u5e72\u201d\u5411\u201c\u667a\u6167\u5730\u5e72\u201d\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
\n\u8981\u67d4\u6027\u6539\u53d8\u201c\u5de5\u4f5c\u72c2\u201d\u9886\u5bfc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9996\u5148\u9700\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u72b6\u51b5\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u6839\u636e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u8fdb\u884c\u9488\u5bf9\u6027\u89e3\u51b3\u3002\u3000\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u590d\u6742\u6218\u7565\u4e13\u5bb6Bryan Hayday \u548c\u592b\u5987\u7ecf\u8fc7\u5b9e\u8bc1\u6027\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5bf9\u201c\u5de5\u4f5c\u72c2\u201d\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u7279\u5f81\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5341\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3\u3002 \u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u54a8\u8be2\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6307\u9488\u7684\u6709\u6548\u5f15\u5bfc\u4e0b\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e00\u4e9b\u201c\u5de5\u4f5c\u72c2\u201d\u9886\u5bfc\u663e\u8457\u63d0\u5347\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\uff0c\u5e73\u8861\u5de5\u4f5c\u3001\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e0e\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u6839\u636eBryan Hayday\u592b\u5987\u7684\u8c03\u67e5\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u201c\u5de5\u4f5c\u72c2\u201d\u5927\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5341\u4e2a\u5fc3\u7406\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u800c\u6c89\u6eba\u4e8e\u5de5\u4f5c\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5f80\u5f80\u660e\u663e\u5730\u4f53\u73b0\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u5316\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u9020\u6210\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u5371\u5bb3\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (1)\u81ea\u6211\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff1a \u81ea\u6211\u4e2d\u5fc3\u662f\u5173\u952e\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5176\u5b83\u65b9\u9762\u3002 \u800c\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u5931\u53bb\u81ea\u6211\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u201c\u5de5\u4f5c\u72c2\u201d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u201c\u4e3a\u4e86\u5de5\u4f5c\u800c\u5de5\u4f5c\u201d\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u6c89\u6eba\uff1b<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (2)\u5426\u8ba4\u73b0\u5b9e\uff1a \u5728\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e2a\u4eba\u5c4f\u853d\u6216\u8005\u62d2\u7edd\u542c\u4e0d\u597d\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u6216\u8005\u5206\u6790\u3002 \u5728\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u5426\u8ba4\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4fdd\u5bc6\u6216\u8005\u4e0d\u80fd\u8ba8\u8bba\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u3002 \u5426\u8ba4\u662f\u5c01\u95ed\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u7279\u5f81\uff1b<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (3)\u5b8c\u7f8e\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1a \u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e0a\u763e\u7684\u4eba\u6c89\u8ff7\u4e8e\u4e3a\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u8fbe\u5230\u7684\u5b8c\u7f8e\u72b6\u6001\u800c\u594b\u6597\u3002 \u4e0d\u50cf\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u9ad8\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u6216\u670d\u52a1\u800c\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u6216\u8005\u67d0\u79cd\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u9519\u8bef\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4e0e\u5b8c\u7f8e\u76f8\u62b5\u89e6\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9519\u8bef\u5e76\u4e0d\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u5f53\u4f5c\u5b66\u4e60\u6216\u8005\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u6765\u6e90\uff1b<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (4)\u5916\u90e8\u8bc1\u660e\uff1a \u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u662f\u7531\u5916\u90e8\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u4ece\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u3002 \u8fd9\u5c31\u5bfc\u81f4\u96be\u4ee5\u8fa8\u522b\u81ea\u6211\u548c\u4ed6\u6211\u7684\u754c\u9650\u3002<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (5)\u975e\u6b64\u5373\u5f7c\uff1a\u3000\u975e\u6b64\u5373\u5f7c\u7684\u601d\u8003\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0a\u763e\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u5f81\u6765\u6e90\u3002 \u5f53\u9009\u62e9\u53d8\u6210\u6216\u8005\u2026\u6216\u8005\uff08\u800c\u975e\u65e2\u2026\u53c8\uff09\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u5728\u590d\u6742\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\u521b\u9020\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5047\u76f8\u3002 \u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e0a\u763e\u7684\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u9009\u62e9\u662f\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u4e24\u8005\u95f4\u8f6c\u6362\u65f6\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8fdb\u884c\u8054\u7cfb\u6216\u8005\u6574\u5408\u3002Robinson (1989) \u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8f6c\u6362\u7ecf\u5e38\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u8d85\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u5176\u5b83\u65b9\u9762\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u8d85\u4e0d\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\uff1b<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (6)\u8fc7\u4e8e\u8ba4\u771f\uff1a \u592a\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u5f53\u771f\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5b64\u72ec\u611f\u53ca\u65e0\u80fd\u529b\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u8054\u7edc\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u8fc7\u4e8e\u8ba4\u771f\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u96be\u4ee5\u4fe1\u4efb\u522b\u4eba\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u907f\u514d\u6388\u6743\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8fdb\u884c\u8fc7\u591a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5b89\u6392(Oates, 1971)\uff1b<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (7)\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e0d\u53ef\u63a7\u56e0\u7d20\u8fc7\u5ea6\u53cd\u5e94\uff1a\u4e0a\u763e\u7684\u4eba\u7ecf\u5e38\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u8fc7\u5ea6\u53cd\u5e94\u3002 \u5de5\u4f5c\u72c2\u9700\u8981\u63a7\u5236\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5bf9\u4e0d\u53ef\u6d4b\u6216\u8005\u6a21\u68f1\u4e24\u53ef\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\u611f\u89c9\u4e0d\u8212\u670d\u3002\u201c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bd5\u56fe\u6d88\u706d\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u53ca\u53ef\u53d8\u7684\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5de5\u4f5c\u8fc7\u5ea6\u8ba1\u5212\u53ca\u8fc7\u5ea6\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u60c5\u51b5\u662f\u53ef\u9884\u671f\u3001\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u3001\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u662f\u53ef\u63a7\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u53d8\u5f97\u81ea\u7136\u6216\u8005\u7075\u6d3b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5931\u53bb\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u6050\u60e7\u5b9e\u5728\u592a\u5927\u4e86(Robinson, 1989:42)\u201d\uff1b<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (8)\u5ffd\u7565\u51b2\u7a81\uff1a\u51b2\u7a81\u6216\u8005\u88ab\u907f\u514d\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5728\u4ea7\u751f\u4ee5\u540e\u4e0d\u88ab\u63d0\u53ca\u3002 \u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u5904\u7406\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u5dee\u5f02\u800c\u4e14\u8981\u6c42\u9ad8\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u53ca\u4ed6\u4eba\u610f\u8bc6\uff1b<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (9)\u5bb3\u6015\u5931\u8d25\uff1a\u5bb3\u6015\u5931\u8d25\u4e0e\u5bb3\u6015\u5931\u53bb\u63a7\u5236\u76f8\u8054\u7cfb\u3002 \u6050\u60e7\u6bd4\u6210\u529f\u7684\u6b32\u671b\u66f4\u80fd\u591f\u9a71\u52a8\u5de5\u4f5c\u72c2\uff0c\u800c\u5bf9\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u6050\u60e7\u5f71\u54cd\u7740\u5de5\u4f5c\u72c2\u7684\u9009\u62e9\uff1b<\/p>\n
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